java Web 项目完整案例实操指南包含从搭建到部署的详细步骤及热门长尾关键词解析的实操指南

JavaWeb项目完整案例实操指南

一、技术选型与环境搭建

（一）技术栈升级

本次项目采用以下最新技术组合：

后端：Spring Boot 3.0 + Spring Security 6.0 + Spring Data JPA + WebFlux

前端：Vue 3 + Vite + TypeScript + Element Plus

数据库：MySQL 8.0 + Redis 7.0

容器化：Docker + Kubernetes 基础部署

（二）项目初始化

使用 Spring Initializr 创建项目，依赖选择：

Spring Web

Spring Data JPA

Spring Security

Validation

MySQL Driver

Redis

Springdoc OpenAPI 3

配置 application.yml：

spring:

datasource:

url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/emp_management?useSSL=false&serverTimezone=UTC

username: root

password: yourpassword

jpa:

hibernate:

ddl-auto: update

show-sql: true

redis:

host: localhost

port: 6379

二、API 设计与实现

（一）RESTful API 规范

采用以下接口设计标准：

GET /api/v1/depts - 获取部门列表

POST /api/v1/depts - 创建部门

GET /api/v1/depts/{id} - 获取单个部门

PUT /api/v1/depts/{id} - 更新部门

DELETE /api/v1/depts/{id} - 删除部门

GET /api/v1/emps - 分页获取员工列表

POST /api/v1/emps - 创建员工

GET /api/v1/emps/{id} - 获取单个员工

PUT /api/v1/emps/{id} - 更新员工

DELETE /api/v1/emps/{id} - 删除员工

（二）部门管理实现

实体类：

@Entity

@Table(name = "departments")

@Data

public class Department {

@Id

@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)

private Long id;

@NotBlank(message = "部门名称不能为空")

private String name;

private LocalDateTime createTime;

private LocalDateTime updateTime;

@PrePersist

public void prePersist() {

this.createTime = LocalDateTime.now();

this.updateTime = LocalDateTime.now();

}

@PreUpdate

public void preUpdate() {

this.updateTime = LocalDateTime.now();

}

}

Repository 层：

@Repository

public interface DepartmentRepository extends JpaRepository {

}

Service 层：

@Service

@Transactional

public class DepartmentServiceImpl implements DepartmentService {

private final DepartmentRepository departmentRepository;

public DepartmentServiceImpl(DepartmentRepository departmentRepository) {

this.departmentRepository = departmentRepository;

}

@Override

public List getAllDepartments() {

return departmentRepository.findAll();

}

@Override

public Department createDepartment(Department department) {

return departmentRepository.save(department);

}

@Override

public Department getDepartmentById(Long id) {

return departmentRepository.findById(id)

.orElseThrow(() -> new ResourceNotFoundException("Department not found with id: " + id));

}

@Override

public Department updateDepartment(Long id, Department departmentDetails) {

Department department = getDepartmentById(id);

department.setName(departmentDetails.getName());

return departmentRepository.save(department);

}

@Override

public void deleteDepartment(Long id) {

Department department = getDepartmentById(id);

departmentRepository.delete(department);

}

}

Controller 层：

@RestController

@RequestMapping("/api/v1/depts")

@Api(tags = "部门管理")

public class DepartmentController {

private final DepartmentService departmentService;

public DepartmentController(DepartmentService departmentService) {

this.departmentService = departmentService;

}

@GetMapping

@ApiOperation("获取所有部门")

public ResponseEntity> getAllDepartments() {

List departments = departmentService.getAllDepartments();

return ResponseEntity.ok(departments);

}

@PostMapping

@ApiOperation("创建部门")

public ResponseEntity createDepartment(@Valid @RequestBody Department department) {

Department savedDepartment = departmentService.createDepartment(department);

return ResponseEntity.created(URI.create("/api/v1/depts/" + savedDepartment.getId()))

.body(savedDepartment);

}

// 其他接口方法省略...

}

三、安全认证与授权

（一）JWT 认证实现

添加依赖：

io.jsonwebtoken

jjwt-api

0.11.5

io.jsonwebtoken

jjwt-impl

0.11.5

runtime

io.jsonwebtoken

jjwt-jackson

0.11.5

runtime

JWT 工具类：

@Component

public class JwtUtils {

private static final String SECRET_KEY = "your-secret-key-here";

private static final long EXPIRATION_TIME = 86400000; // 24小时

public String generateToken(UserDetails userDetails) {

Map claims = new HashMap<>();

return Jwts.builder()

.setClaims(claims)

.setSubject(userDetails.getUsername())

.setIssuedAt(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis()))

.setExpiration(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + EXPIRATION_TIME))

.signWith(SignatureAlgorithm.HS512, SECRET_KEY)

.compact();

}

public String extractUsername(String token) {

return Jwts.parser().setSigningKey(SECRET_KEY).parseClaimsJws(token).getBody().getSubject();

}

public boolean validateToken(String token, UserDetails userDetails) {

final String username = extractUsername(token);

return (username.equals(userDetails.getUsername()) && !isTokenExpired(token));

}

private boolean isTokenExpired(String token) {

final Date expiration = Jwts.parser().setSigningKey(SECRET_KEY).parseClaimsJws(token).getBody().getExpiration();

return expiration.before(new Date());

}

}

Spring Security 配置：

@Configuration

@EnableWebSecurity

public class SecurityConfig extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter {

@Autowired

private JwtAuthenticationEntryPoint jwtAuthenticationEntryPoint;

@Autowired

private UserDetailsService userDetailsService;

@Autowired

private JwtRequestFilter jwtRequestFilter;

@Autowired

public void configureGlobal(AuthenticationManagerBuilder auth) throws Exception {

auth.userDetailsService(userDetailsService).passwordEncoder(passwordEncoder());

}

@Bean

public PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder() {

return new BCryptPasswordEncoder();

}

@Bean

@Override

public AuthenticationManager authenticationManagerBean() throws Exception {

return super.authenticationManagerBean();

}

@Override

protected void configure(HttpSecurity httpSecurity) throws Exception {

httpSecurity.csrf().disable()

.authorizeRequests().antMatchers("/api/v1/auth/**").permitAll()

.anyRequest().authenticated().and()

.exceptionHandling().authenticationEntryPoint(jwtAuthenticationEntryPoint).and()

.sessionManagement().sessionCreationPolicy(SessionCreationPolicy.STATELESS);

httpSecurity.addFilterBefore(jwtRequestFilter, UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter.class);

}

}

四、前端实现

（一）Vue 3 项目初始化

npm init vite@latest emp-management-frontend -- --template vue-ts

cd emp-management-frontend

npm install

npm install element-plus @element-plus/icons-vue axios

（二）API 调用封装

// src/services/axios.ts

import axios from 'axios';

const service = axios.create({

baseURL: 'http://localhost:8080/api/v1',

timeout: 5000

});

// 请求拦截器

service.interceptors.request.use(

config => {

const token = localStorage.getItem('token');

if (token) {

config.headers['Authorization'] = `Bearer ${

token}`;

}

return config;

},

error => {

console.log(error);

return Promise.reject(error);

}

);

// 响应拦截器

service.interceptors.response.use(

response => {

return response.data;

},

error => {

console.log('err' + error);

return Promise.reject(error);

}

);

export default service;

（三）部门管理页面

五、Docker 容器化部署

（一）创建 Dockerfile

# 后端服务

FROM openjdk:17-jdk-alpine

VOLUME /tmp

COPY target/emp-management-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar app.jar

ENTRYPOINT ["java","-jar","/app.jar"]

# 前端服务

FROM node:16-alpine as build

WORKDIR /app

COPY package*.json ./

RUN npm install

COPY . .

RUN npm run build

FROM nginx:1.21.0-alpine

COPY --from=build /app/dist /usr/share/nginx/html

COPY nginx.conf /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf

EXPOSE 80

CMD ["nginx", "-g", "daemon off;"]

（二）Nginx 配置

server {

listen 80;

server_name localhost;

location / {

root /usr/share/nginx/html;

index index.html index.htm;

try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;

}

location /api/ {

proxy_pass http://backend:8080/api/;

proxy_set_header Host $host;

proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;

proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;

proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;

}

}

（三）Docker Compose 配置

version: '3'

services:

backend:

build: ./backend

ports:

- "8080:8080"

depends_on:

- db

- redis

environment:

- SPRING_DATASOURCE_URL=jdbc:mysql://db:3306/emp_management?useSSL=false&serverTimezone=UTC

- SPRING_DATASOURCE_USERNAME=root

- SPRING_DATASOURCE_PASSWORD=yourpassword

- SPRING_REDIS_HOST=redis

- SPRING_REDIS_PORT=6379

frontend:

build: ./frontend

ports:

- "80:80"

depends_on:

- backend

db:

image: mysql:8.0

ports:

- "3306:3306"

environment:

- MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=yourpassword

- MYSQL_DATABASE=emp_management

volumes:

- mysql-data:/var/lib/mysql

redis:

image: redis:7.0

ports:

- "6379:6379"

volumes:

- redis-data:/data

volumes:

mysql-data:

redis-data:

六、测试与监控

（一）单元测试

使用 JUnit 5 和 Mockito 编写测试用例：

@SpringBootTest

@AutoConfigureMockMvc

class DepartmentControllerTest {

@Autowired

private MockMvc mockMvc;

@MockBean

private DepartmentService departmentService;

@Test

void testGetAllDepartments() throws Exception {

List departments = Arrays.asList(

new Department(1L, "技术部", LocalDateTime.now(), LocalDateTime.now()),

new Department(2L, "市场部", LocalDateTime.now(), LocalDateTime.now())

);

when(departmentService.getAllDepartments()).thenReturn(departments);

mockMvc.perform(get("/api/v1/depts"))

.andExpect(status().isOk())

.andExpect(jsonPath("$.size()").value(2));

}

}

（二）集成监控

添加 Micrometer 和 Actuator：

org.springframework.boot

spring-boot-starter-actuator

io.micrometer

micrometer-registry-prometheus

配置 application.yml：

management:

endpoints:

web:

exposure:

include: "*"

metrics:

export:

prometheus:

enabled: true

以上就是一个完整的 JavaWeb 项目实操指南，包含了从环境搭建到容器化部署的全过程。项目采用了前后端分离架构，使用了最新的技术栈，实现了部门和员工管理等基本功能，并提供了安全认证、分页查询、异常处理等企业级应用必备的功能。

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代码获取方式https://pan.quark.cn/s/14fcf913bae6